Geopolitical tensions in the South China Sea have increased significantly in recent years, fueled by conflicting territorial claims and strategic interests of surrounding countries. This region, which has rich marine energy reserves and vital international trade routes, is the center of attention of various countries, including China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. One of the main factors fueling tensions is China’s expansive claim to almost the entire South China Sea region through the “nine-dash line.” Even though the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2016 rejected the claim, China continued its artificial island development and dredging activities, which increased tensions with other countries that also have claims. Vietnam, which considers the South China Sea an important part of its national identity, has upgraded its armed forces and strengthened its defense cooperation with countries such as the United States and Japan. The increase in the number of joint military exercises reflects Hanoi’s strategy to deal with possible aggression from Beijing. The Philippines also faces a similar dilemma. Under the previous administration, President Duterte implemented a policy of embracing China; however, increasing violations by Chinese vessels in the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ) have sparked negative reactions. Recently, the Marcos administration has demonstrated that it is upholding its rights in the South China Sea, with more military exercises and defense deals with other countries. Malaysia and Brunei seek to maintain stability, although they also have claims in the region. These countries are trying to strengthen relations with other countries in ASEAN to minimize the impact of China’s dominance. Multilateral diplomacy is the main focus, with meetings at the ASEAN level being a means to discuss peaceful solutions. Behind this tension, the existence of natural resources is the main driver. The discovery of gas and oil in this region has attracted the attention of international companies and investing countries. Exploration carried out by China in the same locations as other countries claim often results in conflict. This is exacerbated by the activity of coast guard and military vessels that are constantly on patrol, creating increasing uncertainty. In the context of global geopolitics, the United States is increasingly increasing its presence through new alliances and maintaining freedom of navigation. The US naval presence in the region serves to assert international navigation rights and provide support to countries facing pressure from China. This freedom of navigation operation is very crucial in maintaining regional stability. Meanwhile, attention to the environmental impacts of exploration and activities in the South China Sea is also increasing. Coral reef destruction, overfishing and climate change could worsen the situation, creating new challenges for the countries involved. Cross-border environmental agreements are becoming increasingly important in maintaining resource sustainability. Diplomatic alignment and efforts to reduce tensions in the South China Sea are now a priority. Countries hope to find a solution that can protect their rights while preventing open conflict. Through dialogue and negotiation, they seek to create a safer framework for all interested parties.
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